Understanding Parkinson’s Disease

What Is Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine — a chemical responsible for transmitting signals related to movement and coordination — become damaged or die. The resulting dopamine deficiency leads to tremors, muscle stiffness, and difficulty with balance and movement.

While Parkinson’s is most common in people over 60, early-onset Parkinson’s can begin before the age of 50.

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Causes and Risk Factors

What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?

Although the exact cause of Parkinson’s disease remains unknown, research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In some cases, gene mutations may play a role. Exposure to certain toxins or head trauma may also increase risk.

Key Risk Factors

• Age: Most people develop Parkinson’s around age 60 or older.

• Genetics: A family history may slightly increase the risk.

• Gender: Men are more likely than women to develop Parkinson’s.

• Environmental Exposure: Long-term exposure to herbicides or pesticides may increase susceptibility.

• Traumatic Brain Injury: Repeated head injuries can be a contributing factor.

Early Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Recognizing the early signs of Parkinson’s can lead to faster diagnosis and improved quality of life.

Primary Motor Symptoms

• Tremors: Usually begins in the hands or fingers, often noticeable at rest.

• Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement, making simple tasks difficult.

• Muscle Rigidity: Stiffness in the limbs or trunk.

• Postural Instability: Impaired balance and coordination, leading to falls.

Non-Motor Symptoms

• Depression or anxiety

• Sleep disturbances

• Constipation

• Loss of smell (anosmia)

• Cognitive decline or memory issues

Note: Symptoms can vary greatly between individuals and may progress at different rates.

Comprehensive Parkinson’s Disease Services at Vibhavadi Hospital

At Vibhavadi Hospital, we provide expert-led diagnostic, treatment, and rehabilitative services for Parkinson’s disease in a multidisciplinary care setting.

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

Initial Consultation

Patients suspected of having Parkinson’s undergo a full neurological evaluation. This includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, and a symptom timeline.

Imaging and Laboratory Tests

Although there’s no definitive test for Parkinson’s, the following may be used to rule out other conditions:

• MRI or CT scans

• DaTscan (dopamine transporter scan)

• Blood tests to exclude other neurological disorders

Observation Over Time

In some cases, a neurologist may recommend a period of monitoring to confirm diagnosis based on symptom progression.

Personalized Treatment Plans

There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but treatments can significantly relieve symptoms and improve daily functioning.

1. Medication Therapy

The cornerstone of Parkinson’s treatment is levodopa, often combined with carbidopa. Other medications include:

• Dopamine agonists

• MAO-B inhibitors

• Anticholinergics

• COMT inhibitors

2. Physical and Occupational Therapy

Our rehabilitation center offers:

• Balance and gait training

• Fine motor skill enhancement

• Daily living skill support

3. Speech and Swallow Therapy

To manage slurred speech or swallowing difficulties, patients benefit from therapy guided by experienced speech pathologists.

4. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

In advanced stages, DBS may be recommended. It involves implanting electrodes into specific brain regions to regulate abnormal activity. Vibhavadi Hospital offers evaluation and referrals for DBS with top-tier neurosurgical teams.

Multidisciplinary Care Team at Vibhavadi Hospital

Our Parkinson’s program is led by:

• Neurologists specializing in movement disorders

• Rehabilitation physicians

• Psychiatrists and psychologists

• Speech and occupational therapists

• Nutritionists for dietary guidance

We emphasize patient-centered care, involving family in treatment decisions and long-term planning.