Oral Cancer Understanding Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Key Takeaway

• Oral cancer occurs when abnormal cells develop in areas such as the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, or palate, often beginning as persistent sores, red or white patches, firm lumps, or pain lasting more than two weeks.
• The disease is typically classified into four main stages, with Stage 0 representing a pre-cancerous phase. Stages 1–4 indicate progressive tumor growth and potential spread, with earlier detection improving the chances of successful treatment.
• Treatment options depend on the stage of the disease and include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to control the cancer and reduce recurrence.

Full Translation (Long Content)

Oral cancer is a serious and common disease, especially among individuals who smoke, drink alcohol, or have chronic oral wounds. Understanding its symptoms, causes, and early-stage treatment options is crucial. The Vibhavadi Hospital Cancer Center, supported by oral and maxillofacial specialists and advanced diagnostic technologies, helps prevent disease progression and improves the chances of full recovery.

What Is Oral Cancer?

Oral cancer is a condition in which the cells lining the mouth undergo abnormal changes, multiplying uncontrollably until they become cancerous. It may affect areas such as the gums, tongue, palate, inner cheeks, or jaw. Without timely treatment, it can spread to lymph nodes and other organs.

It often starts with small sores or lumps in the mouth that fail to heal within two weeks and may be accompanied by pain, burning, difficulty eating, or speaking.

Although oral cancer is dangerous, early detection significantly increases the likelihood of successful treatment. Regular oral examinations by a dentist or prompt medical attention when abnormalities occur are key to early intervention and risk reduction.

Symptoms and Warning Signs

Early symptoms are often subtle and easy to overlook. Recognizing them promptly improves treatment outcomes.

Early Symptoms

• Persistent mouth sores or red/white patches that do not heal within two weeks

• Lumps or hardened tissues on the tongue, cheeks, or palate

• Chronic pain or irritation without a clear cause

• Unexplained bleeding from the gums or sores

Advanced Symptoms

• Rapidly growing and painful lumps

• Pain radiating to the ear or neck

• Weight loss, difficulty swallowing or speaking, frequent bleeding

• Enlarged or firm lymph nodes in the neck

Causes and Risk Factors

Multiple factors contribute to the development of oral cancer, including:

• Tobacco use in all forms

• Heavy alcohol consumption

• HPV infection, especially HPV-16

• Poor oral hygiene and chronic irritation

• Nutritional deficiencies, e.g., vitamins A, C, zinc

• Age and gender, with higher prevalence in older adults and men

• Genetics and family history

Stages of Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is commonly classified into Stages 0–4:

Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ)

Abnormal cells limited to the surface lining; no invasion yet.

Stage 1

Tumor ≤ 2 cm, no lymph node involvement.

Stage 2

Tumor 2–4 cm, no spread to lymph nodes.

Stage 3

Tumor > 4 cm or cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 4

Cancer has spread to nearby structures, multiple lymph nodes, or distant organs.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may include:

• Physical examination and medical history

• Special imaging techniques (fluorescent or high-resolution cameras)

• Biopsy to confirm malignancy

• CT scan, MRI, or panoramic X-ray

• Evaluation of lymph nodes and surrounding tissues

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage, tumor size, location, and patient health.

1. Surgery

Removal of the tumor and sometimes lymph nodes, followed by reconstructive procedures if needed.

2. Radiation Therapy

High-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells; used alone or after surgery.

3. Chemotherapy

Medications that destroy cancer cells, often combined with radiation in advanced cases.

4. Targeted Therapy

Drugs that target specific cancer-related proteins for more precise treatment.

5. Immunotherapy

Stimulates the immune system to attack cancer cells, often used for resistant or advanced cases.

Prevention and Risk Reduction

• Quit smoking and avoid tobacco products

• Limit alcohol consumption

• Maintain good oral hygiene

• Regular dental checkups

• Consume nutrient-rich foods

• Prevent HPV infection through vaccination

• Avoid repeated oral trauma or irritation

Oral Cancer Screening and Treatment at Vibhavadi Hospital

Screening and treatment are performed by oral and maxillofacial specialists using advanced diagnostic tools. Services include physical assessment, special imaging, biopsy, radiographic evaluation, and comprehensive treatment planning involving surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.