Breast Surgery

Breast Surgery: Types, Candidates, and Pre- & Post-Operative Care

Key Takeaway

Breast surgery is a surgical procedure to remove breast tissue or abnormal lumps, such as cancer, cysts, or tumors, helping reduce the risk of disease progression and increase the chances of recovery. The choice of surgical method depends on the disease type, stage, and the patient’s overall health. Indications for breast surgery typically include patients with cancerous cells, abnormal breast conditions such as cysts or tumors, chronic inflammation, high genetic risk, or those seeking preventive measures, as well as individuals with abnormalities affecting health. Surgical options include breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), total mastectomy, axillary lymph node removal to check cancer spread, and breast reconstruction to restore breast shape after treatment.

Introduction

Breast surgery is a medical intervention aimed at treating breast conditions or improving breast appearance, particularly in patients with cysts, tumors, or breast cancer. Modern breast surgery includes partial removal, full mastectomy, and reconstructive procedures. Preoperative preparation and post-operative care are crucial for faster recovery and minimizing complications. This article explains the types of breast surgery, who should undergo the procedures, and how to prepare before and after surgery to ensure safety and effective healing.

What Is Breast Surgery and How Does It Treat Disease?

Breast surgery involves the removal of breast tissue or a portion of the breast through a surgical procedure to treat abnormalities. For patients with breast cancer, cysts, tumors, or abnormal breast enlargement, surgery removes potentially harmful cells or lumps, reducing the risk of disease progression or recurrence.

There are several surgical approaches, including removing only the lump or the entire breast. Physicians select the appropriate method based on disease type, stage, and patient health. The main goals are to preserve life, minimize disease spread, and increase the likelihood of complete recovery.

Indications for Breast Surgery

Breast surgery is performed when medically necessary or to prevent potential risks. Physicians consider the patient’s condition and medical history, including:

• Patients diagnosed with breast cancer requiring removal of malignant tissue.
• Individuals with abnormal lumps or cysts, including tumors with malignant potential.
• Patients with chronic breast inflammation or abscesses unresponsive to medication.
• Individuals at high risk for breast cancer due to family history or genetic mutations.
• Those opting for preventive surgery due to genetic abnormalities (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations).
• Patients with breast abnormalities affecting health, such as persistent nipple bleeding or indeterminate lumps.
   

Types of Breast Surgery

1. Breast-Conserving Surgery

This approach removes only the tumor and surrounding tissue while preserving most of the breast, such as in lumpectomy or quadrantectomy. Patients often receive radiotherapy afterward to eliminate residual cancer cells.

Advantages: Preserves breast appearance, reduces psychological impact, and allows faster recovery compared to total mastectomy. Best suited for early-stage cancer with small, accessible tumors.

2. Total Mastectomy

Total mastectomy involves removing the entire breast, possibly including the nipple or part of the skin, depending on the surgical technique, such as simple mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, or nipple-sparing mastectomy. This is often used for patients with multiple tumors, large tumors, or high recurrence risk.

Advantages: Significantly lowers recurrence risk in the affected breast, suitable for patients with advanced-stage cancer or hereditary risk factors.

3. Axillary Lymph Node Surgery

Surgery on the axillary lymph nodes helps determine whether cancer has spread beyond the breast. This includes sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection, depending on disease severity.

Advantages: Allows accurate staging, reduces risk of spread to other organs, and is recommended for patients with confirmed or suspected lymphatic involvement.

4. Breast Reconstruction Surgery

Breast reconstruction restores breast shape after removal, either immediately after mastectomy or later. Methods include silicone implants or tissue transfer from other body areas, such as the abdomen or back.

Advantages: Helps patients regain a near-normal appearance, reduces psychological impact, and restores confidence in daily life. Surgeons tailor the method based on patient health and preference.

Pre-Operative Preparation

Patients should prepare both physically and mentally and follow physician instructions closely. Key steps include:

• Comprehensive health check and blood tests.
• Disclosing medication history and allergies.
• Avoiding smoking and alcohol at least two weeks before surgery.
• Adjusting certain medications as instructed.
• Maintaining good nutrition, rest, and physical readiness.
• Understanding surgical steps, risks, and post-operative care.
• Preparing comfortable clothing and personal items for hospital stay.

Post-Operative Care

Proper post-operative care ensures healing and minimizes complications. Recommendations include:

• Keep surgical wounds clean and dry; monitor for redness, swelling, or discharge.
• Take prescribed medications as directed.
• Rest adequately and avoid heavy activities until cleared by the physician.
• Follow physiotherapy or light exercise routines to prevent stiffness and improve circulation.
• Monitor for fever, severe pain, or swelling, and consult a doctor if present.
• Maintain proper nutrition with protein, vitamins, and minerals.
• Wear supportive garments as advised to reduce swelling and protect the wound.

Important Considerations

Patients should understand surgical procedures, risks, and outcomes:

• Surgery type is selected based on tumor stage and characteristics.
• Post-operative complications may include bleeding, infection, swelling, or numbness.
• Recovery varies and may require additional treatments like chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
• Psychological and body image impact may occur; consulting mental health professionals can help.
• Following pre- and post-operative instructions improves safety and recovery speed.

Physical and Psychological Impacts

Breast surgery affects both body and mind. Physically, patients may experience pain, swelling, numbness, or limited shoulder mobility. Psychologically, they may feel stress, anxiety, or reduced confidence. Supportive care includes mental health counseling, support groups, using prosthetic bras, and reconstructive surgery. Combining physical recovery with mental support promotes faster overall healing and restores quality of life.