Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Introduction

Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders worldwide. It is more than just feeling sad or going through a difficult time — it is a serious medical condition that affects how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. If left untreated, it can lead to severe emotional and physical problems. At Vibhavadi Hospital, we offer comprehensive care for individuals experiencing depression, including expert evaluation, counseling, and medication management.

What Is Depression?

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and difficulty performing daily activities. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background.

Common Symptoms of Depression

Symptoms of depression vary in intensity and duration. The most common include:

• Persistent sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness

• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

• Fatigue or lack of energy

• Sleep disturbances – insomnia or excessive sleeping

• Changes in appetite or weight

• Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions

• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness

• Irritability or frustration

• Physical aches or pains without a clear cause

• Thoughts of death or suicide

If you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts, seek help immediately. Vibhavadi Hospital provides 24/7 mental health emergency support.

Types of Depression

There are several forms of depression, each with specific characteristics:

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Severe symptoms that interfere with daily life for at least two weeks.

2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Chronic form of depression lasting for two years or more, with milder but long-lasting symptoms.

3. Bipolar Disorder

Involves episodes of depression alternating with periods of mania.

4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Occurs at specific times of the year, often in winter.

5. Postpartum Depression

Develops after childbirth, affecting mothers emotionally and physically.

What Causes Depression?

Depression is a complex condition with no single cause. It often results from a combination of the following factors:

Biological Factors

• Chemical imbalances in the brain (e.g., serotonin, dopamine)

• Genetic predisposition (family history of depression)

Psychological Factors

• Negative thought patterns

• Low self-esteem

• Chronic stress or trauma

Environmental Factors

• Major life changes (e.g., loss of a loved one, divorce)

• Financial or work-related stress

• Social isolation

Risk Factors

While anyone can develop depression, certain factors increase the risk:

• Family history of depression or other mental health conditions

• Chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes, heart disease)

• Substance abuse

• Hormonal changes (especially in women)

• Previous episodes of depression

• Lack of support or social connection

Diagnosis and Evaluation at Vibhavadi Hospital

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. At Vibhavadi Hospital, we use internationally recognized tools and clinical assessments.

1. Psychiatric Evaluation

A comprehensive interview with a psychiatrist to evaluate symptoms, mental history, and emotional well-being.

2. Standardized Screening Tools

Questionnaires such as the PHQ-9 and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) help assess the severity of symptoms.

3. Physical Examination and Lab Tests

Blood tests may be conducted to rule out medical conditions like thyroid dysfunction or vitamin deficiencies that can mimic depression.

Treatment Options

Treatment is highly individualized based on symptom severity, medical history, and patient preference.

1. Psychotherapy (Talk Therapy)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Helps patients recognize and reframe negative thought patterns.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

Focuses on improving relationships and communication.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Explores unconscious patterns and past experiences that influence behavior.

2. Medication

Antidepressants

• SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline)

• SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine)

• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Medications usually take 2–4 weeks to show effects. Close monitoring is essential, especially in the first few weeks of treatment.

3. Lifestyle Interventions

• Regular exercise

• Healthy diet

• Sleep hygiene

• Stress-reduction techniques (e.g., meditation, yoga)

4. Advanced Treatments

In treatment-resistant cases, options may include:

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

• Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

Depression in Children and Adolescents

Children and teenagers can also experience depression. Common signs include:

• School difficulties

• Withdrawal from family and friends

• Irritability instead of sadness

• Changes in sleep or eating habits

Early diagnosis and intervention can greatly improve outcomes.

Services at Vibhavadi Hospital

1. Experienced Psychiatric Team

Our multidisciplinary team includes psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors, and mental health nurses.

2. Confidential and Compassionate Care

We offer discreet and nonjudgmental support for all patients.

3. Integrated Treatment Plans

Combining therapy, medication, and lifestyle counseling for long-term recovery.

4. Emergency Mental Health Services

Available 24/7 for individuals in crisis.

Insurance and Costs

We accept various health insurance plans and offer transparent cost estimates. Our patient services team assists with:

• Insurance claims

• Pre-treatment approvals

• Cost counseling