Dementia Types, Symptoms & Care | Vibhavadi Hospital

Dementia Diseases

Neurological conditions that affect memory, thinking behavior and one's ability to do everyday activities are a group of dementia diseases. The decline of an individual's cognitive function and its effect on one's daily life is what can be described as dementia, even though dementia itself is not a single disease but rather a group of diseases that see the decline of one’s mental health. Early symptoms of dementia can be mild, however they progressively get worse and can affect an individual's quality of life and their ability to do things themselves. 

Types of Dementia

There are several types of dementia, each with distinct causes and clinical features.

Alzheimer’s Disease

The most common cause of dementia, which accounts for around 60 to 80% of cases, is Alzheimer’s disease. Gradual memory loss, confusion and behavioral changes are progressive conditions that an individual goes through with Alzheimer’s disease. This happens due to abnormal protein deposits in the brain which therefore causes an interference in communication between brain cells. 

Vascular Dementia

Another type is Vascular dementia, this happens when reduced blood flow damages brain tissue. This can happen due to strokes, small vessel disease or other conditions affecting blood vessels. As opposed to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia affects an individual's ability to plan, reason and concentrate. Even though less prominent in the early stages, memory loss may occur. In order to reduce progression of the disease it is important for an individual to manage their cardiovascular risk factors. 

Lewy Body Dementia

The build up of abnormal protein deposits known as Lewy bodies in the brain cells is the cause of another kind of dementia known as Lewy Body dementia. Cognitive decline, visual hallucinations, sleep disturbances, tremors, and muscle stiffness are symptoms of this disease. Individuals may experience fluctuations in alertness and attention, additionally the symptoms are also similar to Parkinson’s disease.  

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Frontotemporal dementia affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Early personality changes, inappropriate social behavior, emotional instability and language difficulties are symptoms of this disease. Unlike Alzheimer’s disease, an individual's memory may remain fine in the early stages.    

Mixed Dementia

This is when there is more than one type of dementia and its most common when an individual has Alzheimer’s disease combined with vascular dementia. The condition is more common among older adults and may also show some overlapping symptoms. 

Risk Factors for Dementia

The increased chances of developing dementia has several factors. Although some can’t be changed, others can be managed through changes in an individual’s lifestyle. 

Age

One of the most significant risk factors is age. After the age of 65 the risk of dementia increases a lot. Early-onset dementia can also occur in younger people but it is rare. 

Family History and Genetics

Risk increases when an individual has a family history of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease. One’s genetic factors can put them at higher risk of getting dementia, however genetics alone don’t contribute to developing dementia. 

Cardiovascular Conditions

Blood flow can be reduced to the brain cell due to high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and heart disease, this can also lead to a decline in an individual’s cognitive ability. It is important for an individual to maintain their heart health as this plays an essential role in brain health. 

Head Injuries

Traumatic brain injuries, especially repeated concussions, are associated with a higher risk of developing dementia later in life. Preventing head injuries through safety measures is important.

Lifestyle Factors

An individual’s lifestyle can also increase their dementia risk, these include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and poor diet. It is important to get regular exercise, have a balanced diet and avoid harmful habits that affect the way the brain functions. 

Mental and Social Engagement

Cognitive decline can be reduced by individuals engaging in mentally stimulating activities, these include reading, puzzles, learning new skills and maintaining social connections. Being active socially and engaging in intellectual activities can help with long term brain health. 

Signs and Symptoms of Dementia

Symptoms vary depending on the type and stage of the condition but often include:

Memory Loss

One of the earliest signs is short-term memory loss, especially in Alzheimer’s disease. Individuals may forget recent conversations, appointments or events. Long term memory may also be affected as the disease progresses. 

Difficulty with Problem-Solving

Individuals may struggle with planning, organizing tasks, managing finances, or following instructions. Everyday tasks can become increasingly challenging.

Confusion and Disorientation

Time, dates or familiar locations may confuse individuals. Getting lost in known environments is a common warning sign.

Language Problems

Communication abilities are also affected by dementia. Finding the right words, repeating themselves or struggling to follow conversations are difficulties that individuals may go through. 

Mood and Personality Changes

Irritability, depression, anxiety, paranoia or emotional instability are behavioral changes that an individual may face. This could even lead to certain individuals acting out of character or withdrawing socially.  

Impaired Judgment

As judgement declines due to dementia, individuals may go through poor decision-making, inappropriate behavior, or increased vulnerability to scams

Diagnosis of Dementia at Vibhavadi Hospital

When it comes to dementia it is essential to get diagnosed early as this goes a long way in managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. 

Medical History and Physical Examination

A thorough evaluation is conducted by the doctor, these include evaluation of medical history, family background and lifestyle factors. Medical conditions are then ruled out through physical examination. 

Cognitive and Neuropsychological Testing

Memory, attention, language, reasoning and problem-solving abilities are then assessed through standardized tests. The severity and pattern of cognitive impairment are then determined through these evaluations. 

Brain Imaging

CT scans, MRI and PET scans are imaging techniques that are used to allow healthcare professionals to examine the brain structure and detect any abnormalities. This is done in order to differentiate whether an individual has dementia or if it is something else like a tumor or strokes. 

Blood Test

Thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies or infections that may cause dementia like symptoms can be identified through laboratory testing. 

Treatment and Care at Vibhavadi Hospital

Although there is currently no cure for dementia, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Vibhavadi Hospital has a team of experienced healthcare professionals and equipment that can help with dementia. 

Medications

Symptoms can be managed with the help of certain medications, especially when it comes to Alzheimer’s disease. Donepezil and Rivastigmine, both of which are Cholinesterase inhibitors, may improve cognitive function. Mood changes, anxiety or sleep disturbance may also require additional medical prescription. 

Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive changes and behavioral management symptoms can also be helped through therapeutic interventions.  Psychological support can improve emotional well-being. 

Caregiver Support

It can be physically and emotionally demanding when it comes to caring for someone with dementia. Healthcare professionals therefore offer education, counseling and guidance to help caregivers have a better understanding about the disease, so they can create a safe and comfortable environment for the patient. 

Rehabilitation Services

Speech therapy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy can help patients maintain independence, mobility, and communication skills for as long as possible.